北美托福机经英文版原文(3)
中美网美国留学 www.usaer.net 2012-12-09 来源: sohu 编辑: joe
The achievements of Mesopotamian civilization were numerous. Agriculture, thanks to the construction of irrigation ditches, became the primary method of subsistence. Farming was further simplified by the introduction of the plow. We also find the use of wheel-made pottery. Between 3000 and 2900 B.C. craft specialization and industries began to emerge (ceramic pottery, metallurgy and textiles). Evidence for this exists in the careful planning and construction of the monumental buildings such as the temples and ziggurats. During this period (roughly 3000 B.C.), cylinder seals became common. These cylindrical stone seals were five inches in height and engraved with images. These images were reproduced by rolling the cylinder over wet clay. The language of these seals remained unknown until to 20th century. But, scholars now agree that the language of these tablets was Sumerian.
2. 说人们可以通过研究海里板块运动什麽的可以知道那些海上小岛和continent怎麽形成的和什麽时候形成的,好像还跟火山喷发什麽的有关。
举了夏威夷里的a series of islands为例。又说了俩人,分别对板块漂移学说做出了贡献,因为他俩分别做了一些相关research来证明自己的假设。最后说这种发放有局限性 只能通过新形成的来测飘的trail,老的就不行了,因为它们存在时间短。
传统观点是说火山总在plate接壤的地方形成,但文章说夏威夷的火山就在海洋的中间,而不是接壤处。之后提到两个学者的研先后的研究,有题问道他们的研究之间是什麽关係。后来提到火山的年龄,和一个hot spots,貌似能影响火山,最后说火山的年龄可以从xxxx中反映出来(有题)。
辞彙,converge=get closer,approximately=roughly,eroded=worn down。
3. 捕食者和被捕食的动物的关係。中心句说他们不是简单的捕食和被捕的关係,而是和整个环境还有食物链有关。之后开始举例,说他们做的实验,总体是捕食者和被捕者的数量反向相关,还提到在一个环境中,有食物的影响或有捕食者的影响生物才能生存,如果完全没有这两个因素的限制就不能生存。最后说在海洋环境中,海星和它的竞争者必须同时生存,如果让其中一种独佔环境,就会迅速死亡。
prey-predator circle。先说一种动物的redundancy circle不光与predator有关,还跟其他有关,像食物什麽的。然后是举了hare为例吧,hare吃了branches,然后数量长了,但是树少了它们就得吃low-quality food,数量就又少了。大概10年一週期。它们的predator,好像是wolf?数量跟他们同方向变化,紧跟他们后面。还有人做了一实验,移了wolf还给食物的话,hare的数量涨到一个数量就不长了,保持,circle没了。但是若单独给食物或单独留wolf,他们的circle就会变。最后讲了一个什麽概念,举例,在海洋里,你移了海星,它们的prey就增了,最有竞争力的那个prey会占最多资源,把其他的less competitors挤掉。所以diversity就减少了。
