北美托福机经英文版原文(5)
中美网美国留学 www.usaer.net 2012-12-09 来源: sohu 编辑: joe
The process of succession
Primary and secondary succession both create a continually changing mix of species within communities as disturbances of different intensities, sizes, and frequencies alter the landscape. The sequential progression of species during succession, however, is not random. At every stage certain species have evolved life histories to exploit the particular conditions of the community. This situation imposes a partially predictable sequence of change in the species composition of communities during succession. Initially only a small number of species from surrounding habitats are capable of thriving in a disturbed habitat. As new plant species take hold, they modify the habitat by altering such things as the amount of shade on the ground or the mineral composition of the soil. These changes allow other species that are better suited to this modified habitat to succeed the old species. These newer species are superseded, in turn, by still newer species. A similar succession of animal species occurs, and interactions between plants, animals, and environment influence the pattern and rate of successional change.
In ecology, the final stage of biotic succession attainable by a plant community in an area under the environmental conditions present at a particular time. For example, cleared forests in the eastern United States progress from fields, to old fields (with colonizing trees and shrubs), to forests of these early colonists, and finally to climax communities of longer-lived tree species. The species composition of the climax community remains the same because all the species present successfully reproduce themselves and invading species fail to gain a foothold. Because climatic changes, ecological processes, and evolutionary processes cause changes in the environment over very long periods of time, the climax stage is not completely permanent.
2. Art Reformation and Influence
主要讲了19世纪的艺术**,艺术家们要求艺术重返自然和本体。他们在绘画,建筑等各个方面充分反映着自己的艺术诉求。他们鄙视现代报纸和广告,认为他们不是艺术(考点,艺术家不干什麽)。一个加拿大女人从小受到艺术教育,主要是waving,在艺术**的浪潮中受到薰陶。看过一次艺术展览后,受到启发,(插入题,this event nostalgia ……)她决定办艺术工厂,雇佣中产阶级在家赋闲妇女,解决她们的经济困难。(考点,她办工厂的原因)后来她发现其实很多有钱人不在乎慈善,他们买艺术品只是为了显摆品味,于是她开了Women Exchange,这样里面的女工可以生产各种各样的艺术品,不只是纺织品。(考点,她开的两种工厂有什麽不同)之后的世界大战和1920大萧条造成了更多赋闲妇女,于是她开了更多工厂,遍佈全国。(考点,为什麽提大战和萧条)她把各地的产品集中船运到纽约的店铺来卖。(考点,我们可以从她的其他工厂的运行方式中推测出……)
辞彙题 conceived = imagined;echoed — imitated
美国近代中产阶级女性的手工手艺发展(大概)。刚开始讲美国近代art受到雅典和哪边的室内设计的影响,提到无机建筑和有机建筑的对比。然后讲有个叫wheels的女人,因为看到很多中产阶级女性放不下身段去做下等人的活儿,但因为civil war或者其他战争,变成寡妇或者blabla,遇到了经济困难,需要养活自己。于是wheels同学就创办了一个招收受过教育的中产阶级女人做类似女红一类的活儿和一些art的东西的学校叫SDA(缩写,全称忘记了),东西运往NY销得不错(有题问imply了什麽,我选了这种art在当地没有受到支持)。接着她发现SDA有些局限,少了一些对其他art的关注,于是她貌似又在某地开了个另外的学校作坊,专注于……。
讲艺术的,具体是说工业时代,人们用手工艺术来对抗工业艺术品,问了对抗形式特点是个except题,选项有什麽通过广告方式,还有个通过手工製品来对抗,还有个什麽的,第三个选项是说加入了模彷历史和生物的形式,我选了这个,然后说了个大娘叫华什麽的,华大娘一生为艺术献身,小时候在一个学校学一种text艺术(是一个题干),大娘一生为公益事业而奋斗,给妇女穷人创造了机会(有题,问大娘开工厂的是什麽,应该是为穷人经济困难的人帮助),然后在芝加哥参加了一个什麽艺术展示(有题),东西运往NY销得不错,有题目问imply什麽,我选的是东西主要在纽约销售,然后大娘加入了2个组织,有题目考2个的差别在哪,似乎是一个为穷人提供帮助,另一个由上层贵族参加名字叫SED。。。
3. Amphibian Decline
科学家发现最近很多两栖动物数量急剧减少,他们归咎于环境污染,全球暖化,大气层破坏等一系列问题。特别是酸雨和光辐射对两栖动物影响很大。于是单拿青蛙来研究。酸雨增加水的酸性,直接**蛙卵,破坏蛙的sperm(考点,酸雨如何影响青蛙)。光辐射带来疾病别且它和酸发生化学反应**青蛙(考点,光辐射如何影响青蛙)。青蛙由于皮肤薄且为它们的呼吸器官,于是它们更容易受到环境污染的影响。再则,青蛙有一种不良习惯,从被孵出来开始,它们就要找暖的地方或者直接晒太阳,于是它们更容易受到光辐射侵害(考点,青蛙为什麽容易受到伤害)。最后,一些科学家认为这种数量减少不过是正常的fluctuation,不足为怪。但是,很多科学家说搜集证据要很多时间,等十多二十年后科学论证出来了才来保护两栖动物就太晚了(考点,反对正常波动理论的科学家态度)。
